Economic & Poverty Sanctions
Online Resources & Materials
- Australia
- Australian Law Reform Commission, Pathways to Justice: An Inquiry into the Incarceration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People (2017)
- Canada
- Canadian Civil Liberties Association, Still Failing: The Deepening Crisis of Bail and Pre-Trial Detention in Canada (2024)
- Europe
- N. Boegelein et al, “Fine and Imprisonment for Non-payment in Sweden: A Comparison with the German System,” Monatssc. Kriminol. Strafrechtsreform (2022) (abstract & bibliography)
- Fair Trials, Day Fines Systems: Lessons from Global Practice (2020)
- Patricia Faraldo-Cabana, On the political economy of fines: Rusche and Kirchheimer’s Punishment and Social Structure revisited, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought (2020) (open access)
- Money and the Governance of Punishment A Genealogy of the Penal Fine (2018) (excerpt)
- Freiheitsfond: Get Out of Jail (2024)
- The German group buying ticket dodgers out of prison (BBC) (2023)
- M. Nagrecha, The Limits of Fairer Fines: Lessons from Germany (2020)
- India
- Amnesty International, Justice under Trial: A Study of Pre-Trial Detention in India (2017)
- N. Khaitan, Existing bail regime, loaded against poor and underprivileged, needs urgent reform: In the absence of large-scale reform, however, we will continue with a regime that in its daily reality both horrifies and numbs, The Indian Express (2020)
- Supreme Court of India, Report on Prisons in India (2024)
- International (Human Rights)
- Jean Galbraith et al., Poverty Penalties as Human Rights Problems, American Journal of International Law (2023)
- Olivier De Schutter (Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights), Breaking the Cycle: Ending the Criminalization of Homelessness and Poverty, United Nations Thematic Report (2024)
- Brittany Friedman et al., What Is Wrong with Monetary Sanctions? Directions for Policy, Practice and Research, RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences (2022)
- Elena Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Day Fines: Reviving the Idea and Reversing the (Costly) Punitive Trend, American Criminal Law Review (2018)
- Malawi
- Charlotte Mackenzie, Malawi’s Criminal Justice System Is in Need of Urgent Reform, The Guardian (2014)
- Kristen Petersen, A Comparative Study of Bail Legislation in Malawi, Mozambique and Burundi, Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative (2016)
- Netherlands
- Rosa Koenraadt & Miranda Boone, Tackling Debt Problems in the Criminal Justice System: A Study into the Trajectories and Bottlenecks of Imposed Financial Requirements in the Netherlands, Criminology & Criminal Justice (2024)
- South Africa
- U. Mokoena & E. Lubaale, Decolonising Prisons in South Africa: The need for effective bail affordability inquiries, South African Crime Quarterly (2018)
- United States
- Lindsay Bing et al., Incomparable Punishments: How Economic Inequality Contributes to the Disparate Impact of Legal Fines and Fees, RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences (2022)
- Tamar Birckhead, The New Peonage, Washington & Lee Law Review (2015)
- Brennan Center, for Justice Criminal Justice Debt: A Barrier to Reentry (2010)
- Beth A. Colgan, Wealth-Based Penal Disenfranchisement, Vanderbilt Law Review (2019)
- The Excessive Fines Clause: Challenging the Modern Debtors’ Prison, UCLA Law Review (2018)
- Beth A. Colgan & Jean Galbraith, The Failed Promise of Installment Fines U. Penn. Law Review (2023)
- Council of Economic Advisers Issue Brief, Fines, Fees, and Bail (2015)
- Frank Edwards, Fiscal Pressures, the Great Recession, and Monetary Sanctions in Washington Courts of Limited Jurisdiction, UCLA Criminal Justice Law Review (2020)
- Johann D. Gaebler, et al., Forgotten but not gone: A multi-state analysis of modern-day debt imprisonment, PLOS ONE (2023)
- Alexes Harris et al., United States Systems of Justice, Poverty and the Consequences of Non‐Payment of Monetary Sanctions, Laura and John Arnold Foundation (2017)
- Human Rights Watch, “Set up to Fail”: The Impact of Offender-Funded Private Probation on the Poor (2018)
- Jennifer Lechner & B. Wicclair, Driven to Despair: Confronting Racial Inequity in North Carolina’s License Suspension Practices, Campbell Law Review (2021)
- Karin D. Martin et al., Monetary Sanctions: Legal Financial Obligations in US Systems of Justice, 1 Ann. Rev. Criminology 471 (2018)
- Robert Stewart, Brieanna Watters, et al., Native Americans and Monetary Sanctions, The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences (2022)
- Anna VanCleave et al. (eds.), Money and Punishment, Circa 2020 (2020)
- Vera Institute of Justice, The Criminalization of Poverty in Kentucky (2023)
Organizations & Projects
- Campaign to Decriminalise Poverty & Status (2024)
- Fines and Fees Justice Center (2024)
- The 8 March Principles for a Human Rights-Based Approach to Criminal Law etc. (International Commission of Jurists et al.) (2023)
MCLR+ Events & Publications
- Between Modern Debtors’ Prison & Modern Peonage: Economic & Poverty Sanctions in Global Perspective
- Conference
- Between Modern Debtors’ Prison & Modern Peonage: Economic & Poverty Sanctions in Global Perspective (Pt. 1) (Sep 13, 2024) (live streamed on YouTube.com/@ModCrimLRev)
- Between Modern Debtors’ Prison & Modern Peonage: Economic & Poverty Sanctions in Global Perspective (Pt. 2) (Sep 21, 2024) (live streamed on YouTube.com/@ModCrimLRev)
- Modern Criminal Law Review Special Issue (Mod Crim L Rev 2:1 (2025))
- Gustavo A. Beade, Impoverished and Incarcerated: The Ethics of Converting Fines into Community Service [pdf] [html]
- Morten Boe, Interrelations of “Debt” and “Guilt” in Criminal Law: Reconsidering a Nietzschean Narrative in the Context of Late Capitalism [pdf] [html]
- Patricia Faraldo Cabana, Fines and the Freedom of Consumption [pdf] [html]
- Mao-hong Lin, Location, Relocation, and Dislocation: Sanctioning the Poor Through Document Service in Taiwan’s Criminal Legal System [pdf] [html]
- Chikondi M. Mandala & Sarai Chisala Tempelhoff, Monetary Sanctions and Poverty in Malawi’s Criminal Justice System [pdf] [html]
- Abhinav Sekhri, Retaining the “Premium on Poverty”: India’s Perplexing Persistence with a Monetary Bail Regime [pdf] [html]
- Brieanna Watters & Robert Stewart, Settler Colonialism and Financial Predation [pdf] [html]
- Conference
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* All materials open access unless otherwise noted.